CANDIDATES FOR PRESIDENT-ELECT
Nancy L. Oleinick
Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio
Appointments: Professor of Radiology, Biochemistry, Oncology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University; Director of the Division of Radiation Biology, Department of Radiology; and Director of the Radiation Biology Program of the CWRU/Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.
Education: B.S., 1962, chemistry, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA; Ph.D., 1966, biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh; Postdoctoral, 1966-1969, Case Western Reserve University.
Research Interests: Photodynamic therapy; cellular and molecular responses to photosensitization; radiation biology. ASP Service: Member of council, 1995-present; Public Affairs Committee, 1995-1997; Meeting Site Committee, 1996-present; organized symposia at 1993 and 1997 meetings; Associate Editor, Photochemistry and Photobiology,1994-present.
In recent years, positive steps have been taken to improve the organizational and fiscal position of the Society, most notably the divisional organization and the establishment of the Photobiology Foundation. These efforts need to be supported and expanded to involve the greatest number of members in the Society's decision-making and to allow the Society to have the maximum impact on growth of our science and on related public policy. As president, I would also work to foster the cross-disciplinary interactions so necessary in photobiology/photochemistry and to improve our interactions with other societies with similar interests. To encourage the active participation of young scientists, I would continue the efforts of previous presidents to involve young scientists as session chairs and speakers at the annual meeting, and I would also invite a few each year to serve on committees along with council members. On the other side of the spectrum, recent suggestions concerning the possible short-changing of older members of the Society need to be discussed.
Dennis Valenzeno
University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas
Education and Appointments: B.S., 1971, physics, Case Western Reserve University; M.S., 1975, physics, Case Western Reserve University; Ph.D., 1976, physiology, Case Western Reserve University; Postdoctoral, 1976-1980, physiology (biophysics), Emory University. Currently, Associate Professor of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center.
Research Interests: Photosensitization of membranes and membrane transport processes, especially as studied electrophysiologically.
ASP (Photobiology) Service: Member, 1978-present; Treasurer, 1994-present; Newsletter Editor, 1987-1992; Finance Committee Chair, 1994-present; Publications Committee Chair, 1995-1996; served on 6 ASP committees, 1986-1996; symposia co-chair, 1980, 1996; chaired several platform sessions; originator and site-coordinator with Tamas Vidoczy of Photobiology Online, World Wide Web site for ASP and ESP, 1995-present; Co-director, NATO Advanced Study Institute on Photobiological Techniques, 1990; Scientific Advisory Committee, 5th ESP Congress, 1993; ESP member, 1987-present.
1. ASP must continue to place a high priority on nurturing involvement of its younger and newer members. In recent years, ASP has attempted to involve this cohort in symposia at our annual meeting and to foster social interaction through events such as the Reception for Associate Members. We need to take the next step and recruit fresh faces into the governing structure of ASP, through memberships on standing committees and through nominations to Council.
2. While the financial health of the Society is currently sound, there are concerns about the future. Journal revenues fund ASP, and these are declining, as library subscriptions decline. My second major priority will be to consolidate this source of revenue by ensuring that Photochemistry and Photobiology makes a smooth and profitable transition to electronic format, while retaining a viable print version. This will include a strong effort to regain library subscriptions.
3. Our recent annual meetings have attracted a significantly greater attendance than in the past, but at a significant cost. The year 2000 International Congress will be a special challenge to this year's President-Elect. My goal is to continue the progress made in scientific aspects of the meetings, while tapping national funding sources which have not be exploited in recent years, such as NIH and NSF, to help support our meeting.
4. The Photobiology Foundation has the potential to become a tremendous asset to future photobiologists. I propose to support it strongly.
5. Finally, our ties with photobiologists around the world are strong. Nearly half of ASP's membership is from outside the USA. I will continue to be a strong proponent of global cooperation to further photobiology, as exemplified by the collaboration of ASP, ESP and AIP for the year 2000 International Congress.
APPLICATIONS SOUGHT FOR EDITOR OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY
Qualifications
April 1, 1997
Applications
Send CV and letter of interest or suggestions for appropriate candidates to:
Dr. Margaret Kripke
University of Texas
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Department of Immunology
1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 178
Houston, TX 77030
Fax: (713) 794-1322
E-mail: mripke@notes.mdacc.tmc.edu
A new first in photobiology is the recent description of suntanning in a marine cartilaginous fish. Lowe and Goodman-Lowe ¹reported that hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) held in a Hawaiian shallow pond develop an integumental dark brown pigmentation over several weeks, compared with animals living in the deep murky waters of the island's bays. To test the role of solar photons in this melanin pigmentation, filters transmitting or blocking the UV component (below 390 nm) were attached to the sharks pectoral fins, and the melanin content of skin plugs from various regions of the epidermis was measured after 21 days. Spectrophotometric scans (300 - 700 nm) of extracts of skin plugs showed that skin exposed to solar UV photons had greatly reduced (30% at 300 nm) transmission of light throughout the spectral region studied compared with skin that was not exposed to solar radiation, or that was covered by UV blocking filters (75% at 300 nm). The authors suggest that this shark tanning is a protective mechanism against solar-induced pyrimidine photoproducts that might otherwise be formed during the periods the adults spend in clear pelagic waters, and they claim that, since malignant melanomas and dermal carcinomas are unknown in sharks, there may be potential biomedical applications in their discovery.
1. Lowe, C. and G. Goodman-Lowe (1996) Nature 383, 677.
THE DARKER SIDE OF TANNING IN HUMANS - FDA BROCHURE
The Food and Drug Administration, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) and the Centers for Disease Control have recently collaborated to produce a brochure, "The Darker Side of Tanning". Single copies are available at no cost from American Academy of Dermatology, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. Further information on the hazards of indoor tanning is available from FDA's Facts on Demand system by calling 1-800- 899-0381; the information will be faxed to you the same day (select 2 and then Division of Device User Program and System Analysis or DDUPSA). You can also go to the FDA home page on the World Wide Web at http://www.fda.gov. Click on the Medical Devices and Radiological Health icon, click on Program Areas and choose Radiation Injuries. Information on skin cancer is available on the AAD Home Page on the World Wide Web at http://www.aad.org.
DIVISION FIVE COUNCILOR (vote for one)
Frank de Gruijl
University Hospital/AZU
Utrecht University
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Education and Appointments: M.Sc., physics, Utrecht University, 1977; Ph.D., biophysics: UV carcinogenesis, Utrecht University, 1982; Administrative Officer, Dutch Foundation for Space Research, 1982; Senior Research Geophysicist, seismology, Shell, 1983-1987; Senior Scientist, Fellow of Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science, dermatology, Utrecht University, 1987-1992; currently head of Photodermatology and Associate Professor, Dermatology Department, Utrecht University.
Research Interests: Photocarcinogenesis, photoimmunology
ASP Activities: regular attendee at annual meetings and Associate Editor of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1997.
Photobiology deals with basic conditions for life and has very practical consequences for us humans. This everyday relevance of photobiology should not make it "ordinary", but "extra-ordinarily" important. This is an image of photobiology worth promoting, and the ASP is evidently active in doing that, and more; activities that need our support.
As for my own primary interest: I think that UV radiation is an important basic factor in our natural environment, which has been under-appreciated in research, especially when compared to the large traditional research effort on ionizing radiation (aside of a nuclear armageddon, the impact of ionizing radiation on the general population is likely to be smaller than that of UV radiation). The potential environmental impact of a depletion of stratospheric ozone has served to raise awareness about UV radiation, and has shown us that adequate expertise is not created out of thin air by financing of research "on impulse".
ASP is an excellent platform to guard and stimulate the very worthwhile research on environmental photobiology; a "meta-scientific" activity to which I would very much like to contribute.
David Sliney
United States Army Center for
Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
Aberdeen, Proving Ground, Maryland
Education: B.S., physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1963; M.S., physics and radiological health, Emory University, 1965; Ph.D., biophysics and medical physics, University of London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England, 1991.
Appointment: Currently Program Manager, Laser/Optical Radiation Program, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
Research Interests: Potential health hazards resulting from the use of lasers and other intense optical radiation sources. Recent emphasis on geometrical and environmental factors which influence ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation.
ASP Activities: Charter member of ASP; participated in tutorial courses on radiometry and determination of action spectra; served as member of U.S. National Committee on Photobiology.
As Director of Division 6, "Photobiology and Photochemistry", International Commission on Illumination (the CIE) and member of the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, I would like to encourage more collaboration on health aspects of UV exposure.
COUNCILORS AT-LARGE (vote for three)
Honnavara N. Ananthaswamy
The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas
Education: B.Sc., biology; University of Mysore, India; M.Sc., biochemistry, University of Bombay, India; Ph.D., microbiology, University of Missouri, Columbia; Postdoctoral, genetics, University of California, Berkeley.
Appointment: Associate Professor, Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Research Interests: Photocarcinogenesis, photoprotection, photomedicine, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
My goals for ASP are (i) to effectively carry out the duties of the Councilor, as required by the Society, (ii) to increase membership of the Society and attendance at annual meetings, and (iii) to increase awareness of new and novel research being done in photochemistry and photobiology to the outside scientific community and to the general public.
David Bocian
Department of Chemistry
University of California, Riverside
Education and Appointments: Born 1950; B.S., 1972 chemistry, North Carolina State University; Ph.D., 1976 chemistry, University of California, Berkeley; Research Fellow, 1976-79, chemistry, California Institute of Technology; Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1982-84; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics (BBCA) Study Section, National Institutes of Health, 1991-94; Associate Editor, Biospectroscopy, 1994-present.
Research Interests: Our research program encompasses the general areas of biophysical and physical inorganic chemistry. The thrust to the research is the characterization of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of molecular systems that are involved in electron transfer, catalysis, and energy transduction. Tetrapyrroles, heme proteins, and photosynthetic proteins are the focus of these studies. The techniques employed include resonance Raman, infrared, absorption, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. Magnetic susceptibility and electrochemical methods are also utilized. The long-term goal of our program is to provide a basis for relating the physical properties of the systems to their functional behavior (redox, ligand binding, light-energy conversion, etc.).
Society Service and Goals: I am a relatively new member of the Society; however, I have been a symposium organizer and regular participant at the annual meeting in recent years. I joined the Society because I became aware that interactions with the membership, whose interests cover a wide spectrum, would provide an opportunity for me to broaden my own research prospectives. In the future, I would like to see the Society enhance its membership base via the integration of more individuals whose roots lie in the chemistry and physics community. There are many individuals in these areas who have interests in photobiological problems. However, at present they are underrepresented in the Society. My base in the more traditional chemistry community proves a natural avenue through which I can enhance its awareness of the goals and benefits of the Society. As a member of Council, I would endeavor to do so.
Marie-Michéle Cordonnier-Pratt
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Education and Appointments: Ph.D., 1977, cell biology, University of Rouven, France; State Doctorate in Natural Sciences, 1987, University of Paris VI, Paris, France; Postdoctoral in Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 1978-1979, and USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, 1979-1980; MaTtre Assistante in Plant Physiology Department, University of Geneva, Switzerland, 1980-1985; Staff Scientist, Ciba-Geigy Biotechnology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1985-1990; Research Associate, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versaille, France, 1991-1992; Associate Research Botanist, University of Georgia, Athens, 1992-present.
Research Interests: Photoreception in plants: phytochrome gene family size, expression and evolution. Function and photoreception properties of the different members of the phytochrome family.
My goal is to foster increased participation in the Society by scientists in the area of plant photomorphogenesis, both in terms of papers contributed to our journal and to increased participation in ASP meetings. I also favor closer interactions with the European Society for Photobiology and members of the European Plant Photomorphogenesis community.
Craig Elmets
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Education: B.A., University of Iowa; M.D., University of Iowa; Dermatology Residency, University of Iowa; Photoimmunology Fellowship, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School.
Appointments: Professor of Dermatology, General Medical Sciences (Oncology) and Environmental Health Sciences and Director, Skin Diseases Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Research Interests: Photoimmunology, photodynamic therapy, photocarcinogenesis and photodermatology. ASP Service: Associate Editor, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1994-present; Chair, Therapeutic Photoimmunology Symposium, 1997 ASP Meeting.
The ASP has been highly successful in integrating and coordinating individuals with diverse scientific backgrounds into a cohesive organization. The educational activities it has sponsored have provided new venues of communication which have served the photobiologic community exceedingly well. Due in part to efforts of the ASP, research in the discipline has flourished. In the future, ASP must 1) increase public awareness of the many ways in which ultraviolet radiation and visible light impact their lives; 2) attract talented young individuals into photobiological research and facilitate their development into mature investigators; 3) serve as an advocate for increased research funding in the field of photobiology; and 4) ultimately find new ways in which the novel research findings that have been made in photobiology can be translated into improvements in the quality of life of the general public. As an ASP Councilor, I would strive to achieve these goals.
J. Woodland Hastings
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Education and Appointments: B.A., Swarthmore College, 1947; Ph.D., Princeton University, 1951; Atomic Energy Commission Postdoctoral Fellow, John Hopkins University, 1951-1953; Instructor and Assistant Professor (biological sciences), Northwestern University, 1953-1957; Assistant to Full Professor (biochemistry), University of Illinois, Urbana, 1957-1966; Professor of Biology, Harvard University, 1966-present; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, Head, Physiology Course, 1962-1966; Head, Molecular Ecology, 1989-1990. Research Interests: My research in bioluminescence is concerned with the fundamental biochemical mechanisms for conversion of chemical to light energy, its functions and regulation, primarily circadian (daily) control and the molecular mechanisms involved.
ASP Activities: I was a founding member of ASP and served as councilor in the early years. I have regularly attended yearly meetings, contributed frequently to Photochemistry and Photobiology, and now serve as associate editor of the journal.
My service as associate editor over the past three years has brought me into closer contact with the activities of the Society, and I am keen to make even more substantial contributions. As councilor, I would seek to increase my contact with the editor and the Publications Advisory Committee in order to help the journal respond and change in relation to the changes in electronic communication and information dissemination. I am particularly interested in taking leadership in finding ways whereby the Society can contribute to a wider and more sound understanding of science by the public. In particular, I would like to pursue an initiative that I proposed to the Council two years ago (and which they approved), to identify and support programs whereby science journalists receive meaningful training, ideally at the bench. I view this as a part of the Society's continuing participation in activities more broadly meaningful to science, and its willingness to represent and speak out on issues where its members have special expertise. I think that the Society could and should identify such issues, as they arise, and facilitate appropriate publicity.
Daniel Yarosh
Applied Genetics Inc.
Freeport, New York
Appointment: President and Chief Scientific Officer, Applied Genetics Inc., a New York biotechnology company. Education: B.A., biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1976; Ph.D., molecular biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 1978; National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 1979.
Research Interests: DNA repair, photocarcinogenesis, photomedicine.
ASP Service: Organized symposium on UV and cytokines for annual meeting, chaired session of contributed papers at annual meeting.
I would like to contribute to the application of the research expertise within the Society to commercial and political issues. In short, to make the science relevant to business and public policy. These issues include biodiversity, ozone depletion, funding for science, and sunscreen regulation. This can be accomplished by issue-focused sessions at meetings, position papers issued by the Society, and having expert Society members contribute to decision-making in government. I can bring an added perspective on the mission of the Society to its deliberations.
THE STANDARD ERYTHEMA DOSE: A NEW PHOTOBIOLOGICAL CONCEPT
[The following article proposes the use of a new photodermatological term, the standard erythema dose. The ASP is considering endorsing this proposal and invites comments from members and other readers. A group is being formed of members of ASP, ESP and the Photomedicine Society to advise these organizations regarding endorsement. Your ideas, concerns and suggestions should be sent to ASP President, Frank Gasparro. A meeting to discuss this proposal will be held during the St. Louis ASP annual meeting (on Wednesday, July 9, at 2:30, location will be posted). This article is also being printed in the ESP newsletter and, in abbreviated form, in Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine.]
B.L. Diffey
Regional Medical Physics Department
Dryburn Hospital
Durham DH1 5TW, United Kingdom
C.T. Jansén
Department of Dermatology
University of Turku
SF-20520 Turku 52 (TYKS), Finland
F. Urbach
Temple University Medical Practice
220 Commerce Drive
Fort Washington, PA 19034 USA
H.C. Wulf
Department of Dermatology -D
Bispebjerg Hospital
DK-2400 CPH NV, Denmark
The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 to 400 nm. Thus a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 Jcm-2 (104 Jm-2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UVA fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen except in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiltered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sunlamp would result in marked violaceous erythema in most white-skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognised the need to express the exposure as an erythemally-weighted quantity¹.
The problem is not new. In 1942 the Council on Physical Therapy of the American Medical Association responded to earlier discussions and proposed a number of erythemal quantities such as the Erythemal Unit, the E-viton and the Finsen. In the arcane syntax of UV radiometry, terms such as these are merely historic footnotes, having never entered the working lexicon of the photobiological community. In more recent times, the term minimal erythema dose (MED)has been used widely as a "measure" of erythemal radiation. This is absurd because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination.
To avoid further confusing abuse of the term MED we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED), be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation.
The concept of erythemal irradiance and dose
The erythemal effective irradiance (Eeff) from a source of ultraviolet radiation is obtained by weighting the spectral irradiance of the radiation at wavelength 
nm by the effectiveness of radiation of this wavelength to cause a minimal erythema and summing over all wavelengths present in the source spectrum. This can be expressed mathematically as:
Eeff = 
E() . S(). 
Wm-2 [1]
E() is the spectral irradiance in Wm-2nm-1 at wavelength nm and is the wavelength interval used in the summation. S() is a measure of the effectiveness of radiation of wavelength nm relative to some reference wavelength in producing a minimal erythema. As it is a ratio, S() has no units. The effective irradiance is equivalent to a hypothetical irradiance of monochromatic radiation having a wavelength at which S() is equal to unity. The time integral of effective irradiance is the erythemal effective radiant exposure (also called the effective dose or erythemal dose).
So, the dose (expressed as an erythemal quantity) received after an exposure period of t seconds is
Eeff t /Phi [2] where Phi is the numerical value in Jm-2 equivalent to one erythemal quantity. There are three issues to be addressed:
?
The erythemal quantity and radiometric equivalence
There are many biological endpoints in photobiology in which the effectiveness varies with wavelength. For this reason we propose that the new quantity should contain the word erythema to make it explicit that we are referring here only to that specific biological response. We propose the term standard erythema dose (6) to express this quantity, and to use the acronym SED.
When deciding upon the numerical value of the radiometric equivalence, the choice is arbitrary - there is no "right" value. However, in order to avoid confusion between MED and the SED, we do not want the SED to be interpreted as the MED in some particular skin type. Consequently, we propose (7) that 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 Jm-2. The MEDs in subjects with skin types I to IV would be expected to lie between erythemal effective radiant exposures of 150 to 600 Jm-2, equivalent to 1.5 to 6 SED.
Examples of how the SED might be used
We envisage the SED being used in expressions such as the following:
Propositions:
References
1. Diffey, B.L. (1984) Whatever happened to the erythemal Unit? Photodermatology 1, 103-105.
2. International Commission on Illumination (1935) Berlin. Comptes Rendues du Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage 9, 596-625.
3. McKinlay, A.F. and B.L. Diffey (1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. CIE J 66, 17-22.
4. Urbach F. (1987) Man and ultraviolet radiation. In W.F. Passchier and B.F.M. Bosnjakovic (eds) Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation: Risks and Regulations, Excerpta Medcia, Amsterdam, pp. 3-17.
5. Diffey, B.L. (1984) Observed and predicted minimal erythema doses: a comparative study. Photochem Photobiol 60, 380-382.
6. Wulf, H.C. The need for a standard erythema dose: proposed definition. In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica, Milan, in press.
7. Lock-Andersen, J., H.C. Wulf and N.M. Mortensen Erythemally weighted radiometric dose and standard erythema dose (SED). In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica, Milan, in press.
THE SOCIETY FOR LIGHT TREATMENT AND BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
SLTBR is pleased to invite members of the American Society for Photobiology to participate in our clinical and research interests. SLTBR was founded in 1988 to foster international communication between basic scientists, clinicians applying light therapy for winter depression and biological rhythm effects, patients and manufacturers of lighting devices. SLTBRU's quarterly bulletin, Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms (Larry Morin & David Schlager, Co-editors) is the primary forum for this discussion. Further, our annual meetings feature a Continuing Education Course which has proven popular and effective. SLTBR publications provide a quick and simple way for clinicians inexperienced in light therapy to learn the tools to expand their therapeutic armamentarium. Society President is Raymond W. Lam, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Canada. For more information, please contact:
Francine Butler, Ph.D., Executive Director
SLTBR
10200 West 44th Avenue, Suite 304
Wheat Ridge, Colorado, 80033-2840
Telephone: (303) 424-3697
E-mail: sltbr@resourcenter.com
WWW: http://www.websciences.org/sltbr/
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY IMPACT FACTORS - UPDATE
The Institute for Scientific Information's Journal Citation Reports for 1995 were recently published. These reports measure the citation frequency of a journal as an impact factor (IF), defined as the ratio between citations and citable items published over the two previous years:
Number of citations IF = Number of articlesThis formulation discounts the effects of journal size and freqency of issue.
The table lists the IF values for Photochemistry and Photobiology for 1992 through 1995 compared with other journals. The status of Photochemistry and Photobiology was last published in Newsletter 147 (Jan. 1994) at which time the latest data available was for 1991.
| JOURNAL | IMPACT FACTOR | |||
| 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 3.583 | 3.312 | 3.400 | 3.179 | Biochim Biophys Acta | 2.610 | 2.467 | 2.507 | 2.500 | Int J Radiat Biol | 2.006 | 1.978 | 2.761 | 2.308 | J Investig Dermatol | 3.687 | 3.548 | 3.826 | 3.681 | J Photochem Photobiol A | 1.084 | 1.187 | 1.331 | 1.226 | J Photochem Photobiol B | 1.791 | 1.861 | 1.784 | 1.668 | Nature | 22.139 | 22.326 | 25.455 | 27.074 | Photochem Photobiol | 2.291 | 2.350 | 2.198 | 2.215 | Radiat Res | 1.792 | 1.740 | 2.314 | 1.980 | Science | 20.967 | 21.074 | 21.067 | 21.911 |
Photochemistry and Photobiology has retained its impact between 1992 and 1995, slightly below that of Biochimica et Biphysica Acta. It is striking that the surge in impact in 1994 of International Journal of Radiation Biology was partially reversed in 1995; it now ranks only slightly above Photochemistry and Photobiology. Radiation Research, with a similar IF to Photochemistry and Photobiology in 1994, also decreased in impact in 1995.
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